WiMAX and it's Simulation Books

WiMAX Simulation Books





WiMAX Books: W-CDMA, Wireless Communication, Mobile WiMAX, GSM GPRS EDGE Performance, Cognitive Radio Technology, and WiMAX Operator's Manual.











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WiMAX Handover

The WiMAX architecture extends the 802.16 standard and that also includes the mech-
anisms for handovers. While the 802.16 standard provides support for handover between
base stations WiMAX offer protocols for handover higher up in the network structure.
The WiMAX architecture shall support mechanisms such as intra/inter ASN handover,
roaming between NSPs, seamless handover at vehicular speed and micro/macro mobility.
This section will study the architecture and its handover procedures more thoroughly
with the focus on intra/inter ASN handovers.

Access Service Network
Inside an ASN network entity there are at least one ASN Gateway (ASN GW) and a
base station. The BS handles the connection to the MS while the ASN GW takes care
of the contact with the CSN. An ASN GW can be associated with one or more BSs and
a BS can have relations to one or more ASN GWs. This segmentation
of the ASN enables multi vendor systems where different vendors can produce different
parts of the ASN and they still function together.
Depending on which role a BS or ASN GW take on in a handover they get different
names. The BS in charge of the MS before the handover
is called the serving BS and the ASN GW the serving BS forwards the data to is the
serving ASN GW. The BS and ASN GW associated with the MS after the handover are
the target BS and target ASN GW respectively. The term anchoring ASN GW is used
when an ASN GW relays MS data to the serving ASN GW.

Anchoring
The anchoring ASN GW is the network’s or CSN’s attachment to the MS. Incoming
data will be sent to the anchoring ASN GW and the CSN does not need to know at
which ASN GW the MS’s current BS is located. The forwarding of data to the serving
ASN GW is performed by the anchoring ASN GW. This makes the mobility of the MS
transparent to the CSN and the need to change IP-address becomes less frequent. In
the case where the serving ASN GW is receiving the data directly from the network the
serving ASN GW is also the anchor. The anchoring ASN GW does not need to be any
of the serving or target ASN GWs.

ASN Reference Points
To identify the different interfaces used to communicate within an ASN, with the MS and
the rest of the network a number of reference points are introduced [19], see figure 5.1
on the facing page. These reference points define the set of protocols and procedures
needed in the communication. Most of the reference points are logical mappings but
when, as in the case of R1, the functional entities are in different physical devices the
reference point refers to a physical interface.
R1 and R3 are the reference points used in communication with entities outside of
the ASN while R6 and R8 are used inside an ASN. The R4 interface is used both inside
and outside of the ASN since it is the logical link between ASN GWs regardless of
whether they are within the same ASN or in different ASNs. R1 is the physical interface
between the MS and the serving BS and R3 is the logical link between ASN GW and
CSN. The communication among BSs is handled through R8 while the BS-ASN GW
interaction goes via R6.

Inter ASN Handover
An inter ASN handover is a handover between BSs not part of the same ASN, see
figure 5.4 on the next page. During an inter ASN handover ASN GWs in separate ASNs
need to coordinate their actions to make the handover smooth to the MS. There are two
possible ways of dealing with the data flow during an inter ASN handover, anchoring
and re-anchoring. The purpose of anchoring is to avoid an path update and hence a
redirection of the data path, where in the re-anchoring case an update will be performed.
The decision to anchor or re-anchor the data path is made by the target or an-
chor ASN GW and there are three different decision procedures with two possible out-
comes 5.3.4. Either both parties can decide that a re-anchoring is not needed or one
of the ASN GW decides that it wants a re-anchoring. If the target ASN GW wants a
re-anchoring the anchor ASN GW will follow that decision and vice versa. It is always
the target ASN GW who will make its decision first. What this decision is based upon is
implementation dependent and not included in the scope of the WiMAX documen.

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WiMax Technology and its Implications

Introduction
WiMax technology (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) allows the
opportunity for instantaneous network connections across large geographic regions without
wires. This technology developed as a natural progression from LAN (Local Area Networks)
and WIFI (Wireless Fidelity) communication systems. This technology is similar in that the
wireless connection operates on a comparable frequency with much faster connection
speeds. Currently, Intel is the only significant developer of this service. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers, (IEEE) designates this service as 802.16.

How WiMax works
WiMax operates on the same principal as a cellular phone infrastructure. Creating a
WiMax link is achieved by connecting a tower directly to a main frame of the internet and
delivering the signal in one of two methods. The first type of service is similar to WIFI in
that it uses a lower frequency to link directly to a consumer’s computer. This type of
transmission has a smaller radius of five miles from the transmission center without wire
connections. An advantage of this type of WiMax is there is not line-of-site requirement, the
closer the consumer to the tower the better the feed.
The second type of WiMax is line-of-site. This type provides a thirty mile radius of
coverage, six times that of a non line-of-site. The disadvantage of this type of service is the
consumer is required to place the receiver in a high elevation so that a line-of-sight
connection can be established. However there are advantages to this type of connection. A
stronger link is established through higher frequencies with less interference and greater
bandwidth.
Once a WiMax link is established, the consumer can access information with great
efficiency. For example, WIFI currently runs at 54 Megabits per second under optimal
conditions. In contrast, WiMax runs at 70 Megabits per second on average. WiMax allows
more consumers to access larger amounts information at faster speeds than WIFI at high
volume peaks.

Domestic and Global applications of WiMax
WiMax allows rural areas more options in speed high connectivity. The fiber optic
infrastructure required for DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or a broadband connection is no
longer needed. The cost incentive is greater for a provider to place a tower rather than build
the necessary network to connect the rural consumer.
Voice over Internet Protocol, (VoIP) is a design benefit of WiMax. The innovators
had this in mind when they created the larger bandwidth. Consumers could use VoIP
without impacting the speed or efficiency of the rest of the system. This has the greatest
impact for rural communities offering a choice for the consumer communication needs.
The movie industry has also adopted the WiMax system. In Park City, Utah, the
premier of the film Rize, was the first feature film to be delivered by WiMax. This has far
reaching cost saving implications for the movie industry in preventing piracy and cutting
production cost. The film industry spends approximately 1.5 billion dollars in producing,
distributing, and destroying 35mm film. WiMax could lower overall distribution costs saving
capital for movie studios. This would allow smaller, independent studios the chance to
distribute their movies with less financial burden.
Another unique advantage of WiMax allows communication systems to remain
operational during times of natural disasters and terrorist attacks. Traditional communication
systems rely on physical connections that are venerable to the elements. WiMax’s system
eliminates the need for a physical infrastructure. A tower can be easily erected in the event of
need.
Globally, WiMax can be beneficial to developing countries in which new
construction is costly and time prohibitive. Establishing a network of WiMax towers is
relatively inexpensive in comparison to traditional fiber optic infrastructures. A great benefit
of this system allows a transmitter to be placed on existing cellular towers, decreasing the
need for new construction.
Developing third world countries can use this technology as a means of establishing
connections quickly with less initial cost. The duality of the system allowing both voice and
data connection would be greatly beneficial in helping the people of these regions.

Future Implications
The future generation of WiMax technology is GAN (Global Area Network) IEEE-
802.20. This iteration allows the mobility to move within the tower radius coverage area into
the adjoining area without loss of connection. This would provide seamless, uninterrupted
connectivity from coast to coast.

Summary
WiMax offers the consumer a choice in data and voice service offering greater
connectivity with fewer infrastructures. The far reaching implications of this service allow
the consumer a choice in their communication needs while eliminating the need for wires.
This will be greatly beneficial building networks faster and with less expense.

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Recently we featured WiMAX deployment in Philipines by Globe Telecom & Huawei. Later on people in Dhaka Bangladesh will discover WiMAX soon.

BanglaLion Communication LTD, BRAC BD Mail Network Ltd and Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd — won the licences from Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to operate Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) services nationwide using WiMAX technology in 18 November 2008.

The license was obtained through an open bid process at a cost of about 31 million USD. BanglaLion was the highest bidder in obtaining the access frequency in 2.5 GHz band. The license allows using WiMAX standard 802.16e and onward revisions only. It allows VoIP services as well.
















BanglaLion said it would be ready to launch WiMAX services in Dhaka by June. Apparently they will be the first company to provide WiMAX service in Bangladesh.

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WiMAX in OFDM Physical layer

1 Objectives:

The goal of this thesis is to implement and simulate the OFDM Physical layer specification of IEEE 802.16e-2005. Using Adaptive Modulation Techniques we analyze the performance of OFDM physical layer in mobile WiMAX based on the simulation results of Bit-Error-Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Probability of Error (Pe). The performance analysis of OFDMA-PHY is done in MATLAB 7.4 under reference channel model with channel equalizer.

2 Motivation

Some decades ago, we were purely dependent on analog system. Both the sources and transmission system were on analog format but the advancement of technology made it possible to transmit data in digital form. Along with those, the computer was getting faster to the fastest, the data payload capacity and transmission rate increased from kilobit to megabit and megabit to gigabit. From wire to wireless concept emerged and after researching and investing so much money, engineers became successful to invent wireless transmitter to transmit data. Applications like voice, Internet access, instant messaging, SMS, paging, file transferring, video conferencing, gaming and entertainment etc became a part of life. Cellular phone systems, WLAN, wide-area wireless data systems, ad-hoc wireless networks and satellite systems etc are wireless communication. All emerged based on wireless technology to provide higher throughput, immense mobility, longer range, robust backbone to thereat. The vision extended a bit more by the engineers to provide smooth transmission of multimedia anywhere on the globe through variety of applications and devices leading a new concept of wireless communication which is cheap and flexible to implement even in odd environment. This is a fact that, Wireless Broadband Access (WBA) via DSL, T1-line or cable infrastructure is not available especially in rural areas. The DSL can covers only up to near about 18,000 feet (3 miles), this means that many urban, suburban, and rural areas may not served. The Wi-Fi standard broadband connection may solve this problem a bit but not possible in everywhere due to coverage limitations. But the Metropolitan-Area Wireless standard which is called WiMAX can solve these limitations. The wireless broadband connection is much easier to deploy, have long range of coverage, easier to access and more flexible. This connectivity is really important for developing countries and IEEE 802.16 family helps to solve the last mile connectivity problems with BWA connectivity.
Simulation Results Analysis

During our simulation we used cyclic prefix to minimize the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) on the basis of following adaptive modulation techniques through Matlab.

• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
• 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM)
• 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) With the help of above modulation techniques we got the following parameters,
• Scattering Points of QPSK
• Scattering Points of QAM
• Bit Error Rate (BER)
  
• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
• Probability of Error (Pe) This is the simulation environment which we used in our simulation,
• Microsoft Windows XP Professional.
• Matlab 7.4.0.287 (R2007a)
• Microsoft Office 2007
• Mersenne Twister – Random Number Generator ( RNG ) Algorithm
• We used Cyclic Prefix to minimize the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI).
  
• Performance of WiMAX has been done on the basis of BER Vs SNR in all plotting.
• We have used AWGN and Rayleigh fading.

Scatter Plots of QPSK

In this subsection, we investigated the constellation of QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM by using ZERO force and MMSE equalizer when FFT size is 256 and 512. After passing through AWGN channels, we got the figure 1.
















Fig 1: QPSK constellation using ZERO force equalizer for FFT size 256

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Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission

Invitation of proposals/offers for grant of license for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Services:

1. The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (the Commission) invites proposals/offers from eligible Bangladeshi entities or joint venture companies with foreign/Bangladeshi partners (proprietorships, partnerships and companies registered under ‘Joint Stock of Companies and Firms’ under the Companies Act 1994) for grant of license to establish, maintain and operate Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Services. Only entities having adequate financial, technical and organizational capability to serve in the field should apply with an updated list of their business record and record of experience.
   
2. The Applicant(s) companies/proprietorships for the Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Services should be registered with Registrar, Joint Stock of Companies and Firms, as well as with the concerned chamber of commerce and industries and hold an up to date Certificate of Income Tax and/or TIN/BIN certificate. Copies of the certification of registration should be submitted with the proposal/offer.
3. In case of foreign companies (applying with Bangladeshi partners), the Certificate of Registration of the said foreign Company from Joint Stock of Companies or Firms or equivalent authority of its Country of Origin should be provided with the proposal/offer.
4. The prescribed application form along with general terms and conditions are included in the “Regulatory and Licensing Guidelines” which can be obtained from the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (the Commission), Shetu Bhaban, Banani, Dhaka-1212 during working days and hours on payment of nonrefundable Tk. 50,000.00 (Taka fifty thousand) only for each copy in the form of bank draft/pay order in favour of the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission by making an application to the Commission in its letterhead.
5. All applications duly sealed are to be submitted in the tender box kept in the BTRC, Shetu Bhaban, Banani, Dhaka-1212 addressing the Chairman, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission on or before 12.00 hrs on 11th September, 2008. The sealed application(s) will be opened by the representatives of the Commission at 12.30 hrs in the office of the Commission on the same day in presence of the Applicant(s) who are present. Applications will not be received after the deadline i.e.12.00 hrs on 11th September, 2008.
6. The Commission will issue 3 (three) Licenses for Broadband Wireless Access Services as per Regulatory and Licensing Guidelines for Broadband Wireless Access Services License.
7. Regulatory and Licensing Guidelines containing among other things, the Guidelines for invitation of application for issuing of license for Broadband Wireless Access Services is also available in the Commission website: www.btrc.gov.bd for information only.
8. Any Applicant may communicate for clarification on the subject in writing along with soft copy to the Director, Legal and Licensing Division, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission, by 17:00 hrs of 16th August, 2008. There will be a pre-offer/pre-bid meeting for any clarification or explanation on the matter on 20th August, 2008 at a time and place to be notified later. Those who are interested to attend the pre-offer/ pre-bid meeting shall register with Director, Legal and Licensing Division, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission on or before 17:00 hrs 16th August, 2008.
9. Any proposal/offer submitted which does not comply with any of the above terms and conditions will not be accepted.
10. The Commission reserves the right to accept or reject any or all proposals/ offers, without assigning any reason thereof.
    

Director
Legal and Licensing Division
BTRC

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WiMAX Quality of Services (QoS)

The IEEE 802.16 standard supports up to five QoS classes. The level of
quality of service differentiation is per service flow. Each of the service flow
is having one of the scheduling types; best effort (BE), non-real time polling
service (nrtPS), real-time polling service (rt-PS), extended real-time polling
service (ert-PS) or unsolicited grant service (UGS).
WiMAX provides the five QoS classes through an architecture that is able to
process requests, perform access control and allocate the required radio
resources that are able to meet the requests that are accepted. The five QoS
classes are described as follows.

• UGS: this is designed to support real-time data streams that consist of fixed sized packets issued at periodic intervals, such as back haul and voice over IP (VoIP) without silence suppression.
  

• Ert-PS: this is designed for the extended real-time services of variable rates such as VoIP with silence suppression, interactive gaming, and video telephony.
  

• Rt-PS: this is designed to support real-time data streams of variable rates that are issued at periodic intervals, such as MPEG video, audio and video streaming, and interactive gaming.
  

• Nrt-PS: this is designed to support delay-tolerant data streams consisting of variable-sized data packets such as file transfer protocol (FTP), browsing, video download, and video on demand.
  

• BE: this is designed to support data streams for which there is no minimum service requirements, and no guarantee of timely delivery of packets such as E-mail and Internet browsing.
  

WiMAX differentiates the service flows at the IP layer through the DiffServ
code points (DSCP). DSCP is a field in the header of IP packets used for
classifying packets entering the network in order to provide QoS guarantees.
From an IP transport perspective, the WiMAX network is divided into
multiple DSCP domains. One domain is between the base station and the
ASN gateway (ASN-GW) in every ASN termed as ASN DiffServ domain.
The second domain, CSN DiffServ domain, is between the ASN-GWs and
the HAs. The third domain is between the HAs and Internet or operator
service network.

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